Mathematical Knowledge and the Development of Numeration

Introduction

The Sumerians, an ancient civilization that flourished in Mesopotamia (modern-day Iraq) from around 4500 to 1900 BCE, made significant contributions to the development of mathematics and numeration. Their mathematical knowledge was essential for their advanced system of writing, administration, and trade.

Sumerian Numeration System

The Sumerians used a base-60 numeration system, which is still used today for measuring time and angles. This system was likely developed from the fact that humans have 60 fingers and toes. The Sumerians represented numbers using a combination of symbols for 1, 10, 60, 3600, and so on. They also developed a place-value system, in which the value of a digit depends on its position in the number. This system allowed them to represent large numbers more efficiently.

Mathematical Achievements

The Sumerians made several important mathematical achievements, including:

• The development of a system of linear equations
• The use of geometric figures to solve problems
• The calculation of the area and volume of various shapes
• The development of a calendar based on the lunar cycle

These achievements demonstrate the Sumerians' sophisticated understanding of mathematics and their ability to apply it to practical problems.

Conclusion

The Sumerians' mathematical knowledge was essential for their advanced civilization. Their numeration system, mathematical achievements, and calendar all contributed to their success in trade, administration, and science. The Sumerians' legacy continues to influence mathematics and science today.

Outline

• Introduction
• Sumerian Numeration System
• Mathematical Achievements
• Conclusion