The Rise and Fall of the Sumerian Civilization

---

• Introduction to Sumerian Civilization

• What is Sumerian Civilization?
• Geographical Location and Historical Context
• Timeline and Major Periods of Sumerian History
• Sumerian Language and Writing System
• Sources of Information about Sumerian Civilization

• Sumerian City-States and Political Organization

• The Concept of City-States in Sumer
• Major Sumerian City-States: Ur, Uruk, Lagash, Kish, Nippur
• Forms of Government and Leadership in Sumerian City-States
• Inter-City State Relations and Conflicts

• Sumerian Economy and Trade

• Agriculture and Irrigation Systems in Sumer
• Craft Production and Specialization
• Trade and Commerce within Sumer and Beyond
• The Role of Temples and Palaces in Economic Activities

• Sumerian Society and Culture

• Social Classes and Stratification in Sumerian Society
• Family Life and Gender Roles
• Religious Beliefs and Practices
• Art, Literature, and Music in Sumerian Culture

• Sumerian Science and Technology

• Mathematical Knowledge and the Development of Numeration
• Astronomy and Calendrical Systems
• Engineering and Architectural Achievements
• Medical Practices and Healing Traditions

• The Decline and Fall of the Sumerian Civilization

• Internal Factors Contributing to the Decline: Political Instability, Economic Disruptions
• External Factors: Climate Change, Invasions, and Regional Conflicts
• The Legacy of Sumerian Civilization: Cultural and Intellectual Contributions