Plotting and Checking

I. Introduction

A. Importance of Plotting and Checking in Mining Surveying

Plotting and checking are crucial aspects of mining surveying. They involve the accurate representation and verification of survey data, ensuring the reliability and integrity of mine plans. By plotting traverse and checking the accuracy of old mine plans, surveyors can contribute to the safe and efficient operation of mining activities.

B. Fundamentals of Plotting and Checking

To understand the importance of plotting and checking, it is essential to grasp the fundamentals of these processes. Plotting involves the graphical representation of survey data on a map or plan, while checking focuses on verifying the accuracy of existing mine plans. Both processes require meticulous attention to detail and adherence to established surveying principles and techniques.

II. Plotting of Traverse

A. Definition and Purpose of Traverse

A traverse is a series of connected survey lines that form a closed loop. It is used to determine the relative positions of points on the ground and create an accurate representation of the surveyed area. The purpose of plotting a traverse is to visualize the survey data and identify any errors or discrepancies.

B. Steps for Plotting Traverse

1. Collecting Field Data

The first step in plotting a traverse is to collect field data. This involves measuring the bearings and distances between survey points using surveying instruments such as theodolites and total stations.

1. Calculating Bearings and Distances

Once the field data is collected, the next step is to calculate the bearings and distances between survey points. This can be done using trigonometric calculations or specialized surveying software.

1. Plotting Bearings and Distances on a Map

After calculating the bearings and distances, the surveyor plots them on a map or plan. This can be done manually using a scale ruler and protractor, or digitally using computer-aided design (CAD) software.

1. Closing the Traverse

The final step in plotting a traverse is to close the loop. This involves checking if the last point of the traverse coincides with the starting point. If there is a discrepancy, adjustments need to be made to ensure the closure of the traverse.

C. Example of Plotting a Traverse

To illustrate the process of plotting a traverse, let's consider the following example:

1. Collecting Field Data

A surveyor measures the bearings and distances between four points: A, B, C, and D. The data collected is as follows:

• AB: 100 meters at a bearing of N30°E
• BC: 80 meters at a bearing of S60°E
• CD: 120 meters at a bearing of S45°W
• DA: 90 meters at a bearing of N75°W

1. Calculating Bearings and Distances

Using trigonometric calculations, the surveyor determines the coordinates of each point based on the collected data.

1. Plotting Bearings and Distances on a Map

The surveyor plots the bearings and distances on a map, accurately representing the relative positions of points A, B, C, and D.

1. Closing the Traverse

The surveyor checks if the last point, D, coincides with the starting point, A. If there is a discrepancy, adjustments are made to ensure the closure of the traverse.

III. Checking Accuracy of Old Mine Plans

A. Importance of Checking Accuracy

Old mine plans serve as a reference for mining operations and decision-making. However, over time, these plans may become outdated or inaccurate due to various factors such as geological changes or human error. Checking the accuracy of old mine plans is essential to ensure the safety and efficiency of mining activities.

B. Methods for Checking Accuracy

There are several methods for checking the accuracy of old mine plans:

1. Field Verification

Field verification involves physically visiting the mine site and comparing the actual conditions with the information provided in the old mine plans. This can include measuring distances, angles, and elevations to verify the accuracy of the plans.

1. Comparison with Existing Data

Another method is to compare the old mine plans with existing data, such as recent survey measurements or aerial imagery. Any discrepancies or inconsistencies can be identified and addressed.

1. Use of Modern Surveying Techniques

Modern surveying techniques, such as laser scanning or drone surveys, can also be used to check the accuracy of old mine plans. These techniques provide highly accurate and detailed data that can be compared with the existing plans.

C. Example of Checking Accuracy of Old Mine Plans

Let's consider an example of checking the accuracy of an old mine plan:

1. Field Verification

A surveyor visits the mine site and compares the actual conditions with the information provided in the old mine plan. They measure distances, angles, and elevations to verify the accuracy of the plan.

1. Comparison with Existing Data

The surveyor also compares the old mine plan with recent survey measurements and aerial imagery. Any discrepancies or inconsistencies are identified and addressed.

1. Use of Modern Surveying Techniques

To further verify the accuracy of the old mine plan, the surveyor conducts a laser scanning survey of the mine site. The resulting data is compared with the existing plan to identify any deviations.

IV. Real-World Applications

A. Plotting and Checking for Mine Development

Plotting and checking are essential for mine development projects. Accurate representation of survey data helps in designing and planning mine infrastructure, such as access roads, tunnels, and ventilation systems.

B. Plotting and Checking for Mine Rehabilitation

During mine rehabilitation, plotting and checking are crucial for restoring the mined area to its original state. Accurate survey data helps in determining the extent of land disturbance and planning the reclamation activities.

C. Plotting and Checking for Mine Expansion

When a mine expands its operations, plotting and checking become vital for incorporating new survey data into the existing mine plans. This ensures the seamless integration of the expanded area with the rest of the mine.

V. Advantages and Disadvantages of Plotting and Checking

A. Advantages

1. Ensures Accuracy of Surveying Data

Plotting and checking help in maintaining the accuracy of surveying data, which is crucial for making informed decisions in mining operations.

1. Helps in Decision Making for Mine Operations

Accurate mine plans enable mining companies to make informed decisions regarding resource extraction, equipment deployment, and safety measures.

1. Facilitates Communication among Surveyors and Other Stakeholders

By providing a visual representation of survey data, plotting and checking facilitate effective communication among surveyors, engineers, and other stakeholders involved in mining activities.

B. Disadvantages

1. Time-Consuming Process

Plotting and checking can be time-consuming, especially for large-scale mining operations. It requires meticulous data collection, calculations, and verification.

1. Requires Skilled Surveyors

Plotting and checking require skilled surveyors who are proficient in surveying techniques, instruments, and software. This expertise may not be readily available in all mining projects.

1. Potential for Human Error

Despite the use of advanced surveying tools and techniques, there is always a potential for human error in plotting and checking. This emphasizes the need for thorough quality control and verification processes.

VI. Conclusion

A. Recap of Importance and Fundamentals of Plotting and Checking

Plotting and checking are essential processes in mining surveying that ensure the accuracy and reliability of survey data. They involve the graphical representation of survey data and the verification of existing mine plans.

B. Summary of Real-World Applications and Advantages/Disadvantages

Plotting and checking find applications in various stages of mining, including mine development, rehabilitation, and expansion. They offer advantages such as accurate data representation, informed decision-making, and effective communication. However, they also have disadvantages, including time consumption, the need for skilled surveyors, and the potential for human error.

Summary

Plotting and checking are crucial aspects of mining surveying. They involve the accurate representation and verification of survey data, ensuring the reliability and integrity of mine plans. Plotting a traverse involves collecting field data, calculating bearings and distances, plotting them on a map, and closing the traverse. Checking the accuracy of old mine plans can be done through field verification, comparison with existing data, and the use of modern surveying techniques. Plotting and checking have real-world applications in mine development, rehabilitation, and expansion. They offer advantages such as ensuring accuracy, aiding decision-making, and facilitating communication, but also have disadvantages such as time consumption, the need for skilled surveyors, and the potential for human error.

Analogy

Plotting and checking in mining surveying can be compared to creating and verifying a treasure map. Just as a treasure map helps locate valuable items, plotting a traverse helps determine the relative positions of points on the ground. Checking the accuracy of old mine plans is like verifying the authenticity of a treasure map to ensure it leads to the right location.