Syllabus - SENSORS AND TRANSDUCERS (EI403)

Role of transducers in instrumentation- Transducers construction, classification and characteristics. Principles of operation and characteristics, interfacing of transducers and signal conditioning

Transducers for measurement of displacement, strain, velocity, acceleration etc. Potentiometer, LVDT, Strain gauge, capacitance gauge, piezoelectric transducers and accelerometers.

Force and pressure measurement: Force: Standards and Calibration, Basic methods of force Measurement (Spring, beam,diaphragm) Strain gauge: basic principal, gauge factor, types of strain gauge, materials and their properties, bonding material compensation techniques, bridge configuration, Rosettes, Tactile sensors, Piezoelectric sensors, LVDT as secondary sensor. Pressure: Standards and calibration Units and relations.:Positive Pressure Sensors: Manometers – U tube, Well type, inclined tube, Ring balance, Micro manometer, use of seal pots, range of measurement Elastic – Bourdon, Diaphragm, Bellows and their types, materials and their properties, range of measurement Electronic – LVDT, Strain gauge, Capacitive, Piezoelectric, Thin film, Variable reluctance, Vibrating element (Diaphragm and Wire), High Pressure Measurement – Bulk modulus cell, Bridgeman type Differential Pressure Measurement: Force balance, Motion balance, Capacitance delta cell, Ring balance DP cell Vacuum measurement McLeod gauge, Thermal Conductivity (Pirani, Thermocouple), hot cathode ionization gauge, Molecular momentum (Knudsen) gauge, Cold Cathode ionization (Penning) gauge.calibrating Instruments – Dead Weight Tester (Pressure, Vacuum).

Temperature measurement: Temperature Scales, Standards and Units and relations, Classification of temperature sensors., Mechanical: Bimetallic Thermometer – Working Principle, Various types, Filled system thermometers – SAMA classifications, Sources of errors and their remedies, Dip effect. Electrical: Resistance Temperature Detectors – Principle, materials and their properties, Types and ranges, different sources of errors and compensations. Thermistor: Types (NTC, PTC), Measuring Circuits, Thermocouple: Terminology, Types (B, E, J, K, R, S, T), determination of polarity, Characteristics, Laws of thermoelectricity, Study of thermocouple tables (calculation of intermediate temperature and voltage), Lead wire compensation, Cold junction compensation techniques, Protection (Thermo well), EMF Measurement methods, Thermopiles, Non-contact Types: Pyrometers: Total Optical, Infrared.

Transducers for measurement of flow and level. Turbo magnetic, Electromagnetic and other flow meters. Various methods of level measurements, Ultrasonic level gauge. Measurement of humidity and moisture. Various sensors employed in instrumentation, introduction to MEMS, wireless sensors, finger print sensors.