Types of Surveying

Introduction

Surveying is an essential process used in various fields to gather accurate measurements and data about the Earth's surface. It plays a crucial role in civil engineering, construction, land development, and many other industries. There are different types of surveying techniques that are used depending on the requirements of the project. In this article, we will explore three common types of surveying techniques: chain surveying, compass surveying, and plane table surveying.

Chain Surveying

Chain surveying is one of the oldest and simplest methods of surveying. It involves the use of a chain, also known as a surveyor's chain, to measure distances on the ground. The chain is typically made up of a series of links, each measuring a specific length, such as 20 meters or 66 feet.

To conduct a chain survey, the following equipment and tools are required:

• Surveyor's chain
• Ranging rods
• Pegs
• Gunters chain

The procedure for conducting a chain survey is as follows:

1. Select a suitable starting point and mark it with a peg.
2. Stretch the chain between the starting point and the next point to be surveyed.
3. Measure the distance using the chain and record it.
4. Repeat the process for all the points in the survey area.

Once the linear measurements are obtained, the angles between the survey lines can be calculated using a compass or theodolite. These measurements are crucial for creating accurate maps and plans.

Chain surveying has several advantages, including its simplicity, low cost, and suitability for small-scale surveys. However, it also has limitations, such as limited accuracy over long distances and the need for clear line of sight between survey points.

Real-world applications of chain surveying include mapping small areas, creating property boundaries, and conducting topographic surveys.

Compass Surveying

Compass surveying is another commonly used surveying technique that relies on a compass to determine directions and angles. It is particularly useful when conducting surveys in areas with limited visibility or dense vegetation.

The equipment and tools used in compass surveying include:

• Compass
• Ranging rods
• Pegs
• Tripod

The procedure for conducting a compass survey is as follows:

1. Set up the tripod and mount the compass on it.
2. Select a starting point and mark it with a peg.
3. Sight the compass towards the next point to be surveyed and record the bearing.
4. Repeat the process for all the points in the survey area.

Compass surveying allows for the measurement of bearings and angles, which are essential for creating accurate maps and plans. It is particularly useful in areas where other surveying techniques may be challenging to implement.

Compass surveying offers advantages such as ease of use, suitability for rough terrains, and the ability to work in areas with limited visibility. However, it also has limitations, including the influence of magnetic declination and the need for frequent calibration.

Real-world applications of compass surveying include conducting surveys in forests, hilly terrains, and areas with dense vegetation.

Plane Table Surveying

Plane table surveying is a method that combines the use of a plane table and a alidade to measure horizontal and vertical angles. It is particularly useful for creating accurate topographic maps and plans.

The equipment and tools used in plane table surveying include:

• Plane table
• Alidade
• Ranging rods
• Pegs

The procedure for conducting a plane table survey is as follows:

1. Set up the plane table at a known point and level it.
2. Sight the alidade towards the next point to be surveyed and record the angles.
3. Repeat the process for all the points in the survey area.

Plane table surveying allows for the calculation of coordinates and distances, which are essential for creating accurate maps and plans. It is particularly useful in areas where other surveying techniques may be challenging to implement.

Plane table surveying offers advantages such as simplicity, accuracy, and the ability to work in areas with limited visibility. However, it also has limitations, including the need for a level surface and the requirement for skilled personnel.

Real-world applications of plane table surveying include creating topographic maps, conducting geological surveys, and planning infrastructure projects.

Conclusion

In conclusion, surveying is a crucial process used in various industries and fields to gather accurate measurements and data about the Earth's surface. Chain surveying, compass surveying, and plane table surveying are three common types of surveying techniques, each with its own advantages and limitations. It is important to choose the appropriate surveying technique based on the requirements of the project and the characteristics of the survey area. By selecting the right technique and using the appropriate equipment and tools, surveyors can ensure the accuracy and reliability of their measurements, leading to successful project outcomes.

Summary

Surveying is an essential process used in various fields to gather accurate measurements and data about the Earth's surface. There are different types of surveying techniques, including chain surveying, compass surveying, and plane table surveying. Chain surveying involves the use of a chain to measure distances on the ground, while compass surveying relies on a compass to determine directions and angles. Plane table surveying combines the use of a plane table and an alidade to measure horizontal and vertical angles. Each technique has its own advantages and limitations, and it is important to choose the appropriate technique based on the requirements of the project and the characteristics of the survey area.

Analogy

Surveying can be compared to taking measurements of a room. Just as surveying involves measuring and recording data about the Earth's surface, measuring a room involves taking measurements of its dimensions. Different surveying techniques, such as chain surveying, compass surveying, and plane table surveying, can be compared to different methods of measuring a room, such as using a tape measure, a laser distance meter, or a 3D scanner. Each method has its own advantages and limitations, and the choice of method depends on the specific requirements of the project.