Syllabus - Alternate Automotive Fuels & Emissions (EV 503 (c))

Introduction

Estimate of petroleum reserve, need for alternate fuel, availability and comparative properties of alternate fuels, CNG, LPG, Alcohol, Vegetable oil and Bio-gas

CNG and LPG

Availability, properties, modifications required in SI and CI engines, performance and emission characteristics, storage, handling and dispensing, and safety aspects. Alcohol - Manufacture of alcohol, properties, blending of Methanol and Ethanol, engine design modifications required and effects of design parameters, performance and emission characteristics, durability. Types of vegetable oils for engine application, esterification, biogas, properties, engine performance and emission characteristics.

Hydrogen and Fuel cells

Production methods, properties, performance and emission characteristics, storage and handling, safety aspects, Working principle, classification, description of fuel cell systems, fuel cell components, properties of fuel cell, general performance characteristics, emission characteristics, merits and demerits, vehicle design and layout aspects.

Emissions from SI & CI Engines and its Control

Emission formation in S.I. engines – Hydrocarbons – Carbon monoxide – Nitric Oxide, Lead particulates – Polyneculear aromatic hydro carbon emission – Effects of design and operating variables on emission formation in spark ignition engines – Controlling of pollutant formation in engines – Thermal reactors – Catalytic converters – Charcoal Canister Control for evaporative emission – Positive crank case ventilation system for UBHC emission reduction. Chemical delay – Significance – Intermediate compound formation – Pollutant formation on incomplete combustion – effect of operating variables on pollutant formation – Controlling of emissions – Driving behavior – Fumigation – Exhaust gas recirculation – Air injection – Cetane number effect.

Emission Measurement and Test procedure

Measurement of CO, CO2, by NDIR. Hydrocarbon by FID – Chemiluminescent detector for NOx measurement, Smoke meters – Dilution tunnel technique for particulate measurement. Procedures on Engine and Chassis Constant Volume Sampling procedures –Emission Test– Sampling probes and valves – Quantifying emissions – Dynamometers