Write a short note on any two: a. Object Models b. Black-Box Testing c. Program Comprehension Techniques d. Testing Tools

Object Models:

Object models represent the structure and behavior of objects in a software system. They are used to describe the relationships between objects, their attributes, and their methods. Object models can be used for a variety of purposes, including:

• Design: Object models can be used to design the architecture of a software system. They can help to identify the objects that need to be created, the relationships between those objects, and the methods that those objects will need to implement.
• Implementation: Object models can be used to implement a software system. They can help to define the classes that will be used to represent the objects in the system, the attributes and methods that those classes will have, and the relationships between those classes.
• Testing: Object models can be used to test a software system. They can help to identify the test cases that need to be run, the expected results of those test cases, and the actual results of those test cases.

Black-Box Testing:

Black-box testing is a software testing technique that is used to test the functionality of a software system without looking at its internal structure. Black-box testing is also known as functional testing.

Black-box testing is based on the idea that a software system can be treated as a black box. The tester does not need to know how the system is implemented in order to test it. The tester only needs to know what the system is supposed to do.

Black-box testing is often used in conjunction with white-box testing. White-box testing is a software testing technique that is used to test the internal structure of a software system.

Program Comprehension Techniques:

Program comprehension techniques are used to understand the structure and behavior of a software system. Program comprehension is important for a variety of reasons, including:

• Maintenance: Program comprehension is necessary for maintaining a software system. When a software system needs to be changed, the developers need to understand how the system works in order to make the necessary changes.
• Reengineering: Program comprehension is necessary for reengineering a software system. When a software system needs to be modernized or updated, the developers need to understand how the system works in order to make the necessary changes.
• Porting: Program comprehension is necessary for porting a software system to a new platform. When a software system needs to be moved to a new operating system or hardware platform, the developers need to understand how the system works in order to make the necessary changes.

There are a variety of program comprehension techniques that can be used to understand the structure and behavior of a software system. These techniques include:

• Reading the source code: The most direct way to understand a software system is to read the source code. However, this can be a time-consuming and difficult task, especially for large software systems.
• Using visualization tools: Visualization tools can be used to create diagrams that represent the structure and behavior of a software system. These diagrams can make it easier to understand how the system works.
• Using debugging tools: Debugging tools can be used to step through the execution of a software system. This can help to identify the parts of the system that are causing problems.