Define the following terms i) CMRR ii) Slow rate iii) Input offset voltage iv) Input bias current

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i) CMRR (Common Mode Rejection Ratio): $\~\$ CMRR is a measure of how well a differential amplifier can reject common-mode signals. The common-mode signal is the average of the two input signals, and the differential-mode signal is the difference between the two input signals. CMRR is defined as the ratio of the differential-mode gain to the common-mode gain. A high CMRR is desirable because it means that the amplifier will not amplify common-mode noise. $\~\$ CMRR is expressed in decibels (dB) and is calculated using the following formula: $\~\$ CMRR = 20 log (|A_d|/|A_c|) dB $\~\$ Where: $\~\$

• (A_d) is the differential-mode gain of the amplifier $\~\$
• (A_c) is the common-mode gain of the amplifier $\~\$ $\~\$ ii) Slow Rate: $\~\$ Slow rate is a measure of how quickly an amplifier can change its output voltage. It is typically specified in volts per second (V/s). A slow rate is desirable in some applications, such as audio amplifiers, where it helps to prevent unwanted oscillations. $\~\$ Slow rate is calculated using the following formula: $\~\$ Slow Rate = ΔVout / Δt $\~\$ Where: $\~\$
• (ΔVout) is the change in output voltage $\~\$
• (Δt) is the time it takes for the output voltage to change by (ΔVout) $\~\$ $\~\$ iii) Input Offset Voltage: $\~\$ Input offset voltage is a small voltage that is present at the input of an amplifier when the input signal is zero. This voltage is caused by mismatches in the transistors that make up the amplifier. Input offset voltage can be positive or negative, and it can vary over time and temperature. $\~\$ Input offset voltage is typically specified in millivolts (mV). It can be measured by connecting a voltmeter to the input of the amplifier and adjusting the input signal until the output voltage is zero. $\~\$ $\~\$ iv) Input Bias Current: $\~\$ Input bias current is the current that flows into the input terminals of an amplifier. This current is caused by the base currents of the input transistors. Input bias current is typically specified in nanoamperes (nA). $\~\$ Input bias current can be a problem in some applications, such as high-impedance circuits. This is because the input bias current can cause the output voltage to drift. $\~\$ $\~\$ Conclusion: $\~\$

These are just a few of the many terms that are used to describe the characteristics of operational amplifiers. By understanding these terms, you can better understand how operational amplifiers work and how to use them in your own designs.