Write a short notes any three i. Schmitt trigger circuits ii. BCD adder iii. CMOS logic family iv. Half adder

i. Schmitt Trigger Circuits:

Schmitt trigger circuits are regenerative comparator circuits that exhibit hysteresis. They have two stable states and can be used as digital logic gates, oscillators, and multivibrators. The basic Schmitt trigger circuit consists of a differential amplifier with positive feedback. The output of the differential amplifier is fed back to the input through a resistor. When the input voltage exceeds a certain threshold, the output switches to the positive saturation state. When the input voltage falls below another threshold, the output switches to the negative saturation state.

The hysteresis of the Schmitt trigger circuit is due to the positive feedback. The positive feedback causes the output to switch suddenly from one state to the other, even if the input voltage changes slowly. This makes the Schmitt trigger circuit immune to noise and jitter.

ii. BCD Adder:

A BCD adder is a digital adder that is used to add binary-coded decimal (BCD) numbers. BCD numbers are a way of representing decimal numbers using four bits per digit. The BCD adder works by adding the two BCD digits together and then adjusting the sum to account for any overflow.

The BCD adder is a simple circuit that can be implemented using a few logic gates. It is often used in digital calculators and other devices that need to perform arithmetic operations on BCD numbers.

iii. CMOS Logic Family:

The CMOS (Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor) logic family is a family of digital logic gates that are made using CMOS transistors. CMOS transistors are a type of field-effect transistor (FET) that uses both n-type and p-type semiconductors. CMOS logic gates are known for their low power consumption and high noise immunity.

The CMOS logic family is the most widely used logic family in digital integrated circuits (ICs). It is used in a variety of applications, including microprocessors, memory chips, and digital signal processors.

iv. Half Adder:

A half adder is a digital circuit that is used to add two binary digits (bits). The half adder has two inputs, A and B, and two outputs, Sum and Carry. The Sum output is the sum of the two input bits, and the Carry output is 1 if the sum is greater than or equal to 2.

The half adder is a simple circuit that can be implemented using a few logic gates. It is often used as a building block for more complex adders, such as the full adder.